![]() Social bots are automated social media accounts programmed to share certain content and interact with other users. While much of the activity originated from users engaging in genuine political debate, a significant proportion came from accounts known as bots. During this period, online social media platforms became a battlefield for information warfare between supporters and opponents of the president. The resulting trial in the Senate concluded on Februwhen the Senate voted to acquit the president. On December 18, 2019, the United States House of Representatives voted to approve articles of impeachment against President Donald Trump. We also have included some user analysis results, but have anonymized the user identifiers and excluded their names and screen names, to respect user privacy.įunding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. We have included the Tweet IDs for researchers who wish to recollect the data from Twitter. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: We have uploaded the data to a public GitHub repository ( ). ![]() Received: JAccepted: MaPublished: May 8, 2023Ĭopyright: © 2023 Rossetti, Zaman. This lower impact is due to the homophily of the Qanon follower network, suggesting this disinformation is spread mostly within online echo-chambers.Ĭitation: Rossetti M, Zaman T (2023) Bots, disinformation, and the first impeachment of U.S. We find there are a greater number of pro-Trump bots, but on a per bot basis, anti-Trump and pro-Trump bots have similar impact, while Qanon bots have less impact. We quantify bot impact using the generalized harmonic influence centrality measure. The follower network of Qanon supporters exhibits a hierarchical structure, with bots acting as central hubs surrounded by isolated humans. Among supporters of the Qanon conspiracy theory, a popular disinformation campaign, bots have a prevalence near 10%. We also find bots share more disinformation, but use less toxic language than other users. ![]() We find although bots represent 1% of all users, they generate over 31% of all impeachment related tweets. We collect over 67.7 million impeachment related tweets from 3.6 million users, along with their 53.6 million edge follower network. We study the behavior of retweet bots on Twitter during the first impeachment of U.S. Automated social media accounts, known as bots, have been shown to spread disinformation and manipulate online discussions.
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